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12月2日

Maps of the 9 "Great Nations"

The "Great Nations" series chose 9 nations. Only nations in the modern world were selected (i.e. after 1500s). This is significant, because, as the narrative said, the year 1500 defines the first time that different disparate parts of the world finally met and compete (and conflict) with each other.

Before that, China was the center of its part of the world, so the Chinese empire (and the Roman, Persia, Alexander, Mongolia, Ottoman Empires) did not count. The subtle message is also that, in this new order China should not be thinking about restoring its old hegemony, because that hegemony only extended to a small part of the world, i.e. NE Asia; as a result, the future objective for China is not to dominate the world, but become a major player like (the average of) what (the "three really qualified great nations") Britain, Holland and USA is playing today.
  • Some Chinese commentator complained why the Qing empire was not included in the "Great Nations". After all, Qing still had over 1/4 of the world's GDP until mid-1800s. Qing was also a very effectively managed empire in terms of direct control. I think the key word is the the term "modern". The series was very adamant in stating that Britain was the FIRST modern nations in the world after Glorious Revolution, and Qing was definitely not a "modern" nation in this sense. The 3 nations preceded Britains all made contact with the whole earth (including Asia and the New World), while Qing was a local empire not different than Han or Persia of 2000 years ago.

Here are the extent of these empires at their apogee.

A few point worth noting
  1. According to the series, cultural influence is important, so these colonial empires, even though largely disintegrated by now, still maintain cultural influences to the areas they once occupied
  2. The influence (and contribution) to the world is one of the most important measure for a Great Nation given by the series, many of them (e.g. USA) influenced the world much more that what the map below paints
  3. France was hailed as a nation that influenced the war much more than the hard power it projected (i.e. despite its total failure in all the major wars it participated, including the Napolean wars. However, the program acknowledged Napolean for spreading the spirits of French revolution across the European continent, and in its emphasis on rule of law, the Napolean Code)
1) Portuguese Empire (Brazil became much larger later)


2) Spanish Empire (only the red areas)


3) Dutch Empire (Dutch was hailed for its business achievement, i.e. expanded basically without the use of force (it was noted that Dutch ships did not have guns and were therefore much lighter and cost effective than the Spanish or British ships). The subtext is that Dutch basically was competing under the modern rule of globalization competition .)


4) British Empire


5) French Empire


6) German Empire (Colonial empire shown, short term occupation in WWI and WWII not counted)


7) Japanese Empire (areas outside red/pink are short-lived occupation in WWII and should not be counted)


8) Soviet Empire (Only red areas, includes satellite states)


9) American Empire (This is post Spanish-American war map, does not include NATO sphere of influence or Okinawa after WWII, or occupied Afghanistan and Iraq)


10) Other colonial empires in wiki.
11月20日

Kuril earthquake informations

The Kuril quake is 8.3 in Richter scale according to USGS, i.e., 10^(-0.8)=1/6 the energy of the 9.1 quake in Sumatra 2 years ago that caused the monster tsunami, and 10^(8.3-4)=10^4.3=20000 times the North Korea (alleged) "nuclear" test last month.

Magnitude 8.3 (Great)
Date-Time
  • Wednesday, November 15, 2006 at 11:14:16 (UTC) = Coordinated Universal Time
  • Wednesday, November 15, 2006 at 10:14:16 PM = local time at epicenter Time of Earthquake in other Time Zones
  • Location 46.616°N, 153.224°E
    Depth 28.5 km (17.7 miles)
    Region KURIL ISLANDS
    Distances 440 km (275 miles) ENE of Kuril'sk, Kuril Islands 500 km (310 miles) SSW of Severo-Kuril'sk, Kuril Islands, Russia 1650 km (1030 miles) NE of TOKYO, Japan 7185 km (4460 miles) NE of MOSCOW, Russia
    Location Uncertainty horizontal +/- 7.1 km (4.4 miles); depth +/- 8.2 km (5.1 miles)
    Parameters Nst=213, Nph=213, Dmin=812.9 km, Rmss=1.05 sec, Gp= 65°, M-type=moment magnitude (Mw), Version=9
    Source USGS NEIC (WDCS-D)
    Event ID usvcam

    Many strong after-quakes were detected around 153-155E, 46-48N.


    There are many reasons that the tsunami is much weaker this time.
    1. Weaker quake (of 1/6 the strength)
    2. Deeper epicenter (28.5km below surface)
    3. Direction of the quake was not as vertical as that in Sumatra
    The location of the quake is right on the rim of on the Pacific Techtonic Plate, and in the middle of Kuril Island Chain, between the south tip of Kamchatka and NE Hokkaido. in (also November) 1952 a 9.0 quake struck the SE tip of Kamchatka, about 600km NE of the epicenter of today's quake. If there is a simple trend, then 54 years later, people in Hokkaido should be very vigilant.
    10月19日

    North Korea nuclear test information

    Update (10/10):

    Global security has a few satellite pictures showing the entrance of the Punggye-yok tunnel
    (update 10/12, H-T commentator luistxo for google location tags, and from there a previous post by armscontrolwonk)



    tagzaniapaste

    north-korea tagged map by user - Tagzania

    I am not sure exactly where it is located, but I found a couple suspicious buildings a few hundred meters east of the epicenter, at 41.309438E,129.19365N


    tagzaniapaste
    north-korea tagged map by user - Tagzania

    ---

    Google map links here. DPRK map here, the site is north of Chunhyung-ri (春兴里), or 17 km NNW of the train station Punggye-yok (豐溪驿) and just a few km south of the source of the river called Ŏrang-ch’ŏn. (渔郎川)

    Thee seismological information for the suspected DPRK nuke test is available on USGS's website.

    • Earthquake Details

      Magnitude 4.2 (Light)
      Date-Time
    • Monday, October 9, 2006 at 01:35:27 (UTC) = Coordinated Universal Time
    • Monday, October 9, 2006 at 10:35:27 AM = local time at epicenter Time of Earthquake in other Time Zones
    • Location 41.294°N, 129.134°E
      Depth 0 km (~0 mile) set by location program
      Region NORTH KOREA
      Distances 70 km (40 miles) N of Kimchaek, North Korea 90 km (55 miles) SW of Chongjin, North Korea 180 km (115 miles) S of Yanji, Jilin, China 385 km (240 miles) NE of PYONGYANG, North Korea
      Location Uncertainty horizontal +/- 10.5 km (6.5 miles); depth fixed by location program
      Parameters Nst= 17, Nph= 17, Dmin=371.1 km, Rmss=0.86 sec, Gp= 83°, M-type=body magnitude (Mb), Version=7
      Source USGS NEIC (WDCS-D)
      Event ID ustqab
    It is awfully close to the China/Russia border (180km vs 250km). I hope this time China will not tolerate this bad boy any more.

    About the location:

    • 70 km (40 miles) N of Kimchaek, North Korea
    • 90 km (55 miles) SW of Chongjin, North Korea
    • 180 km (115 miles) S of Yanji, Jilin, China (aka Gando ),
    • About 200km from the south tip of Russian Far East (Estuary of Tumen)
    The site is also about 200km from Chosin Reservoir, where one of the bloodiest battle was fought between China and US in 1950, in which China scored a pyrrhic victory. There 25k of Chinese lives were lost (many thousand more by frostbite) for helping KJI's father.

    P.S.
    1) see Marmot's coverage for related reports. On the moral hazard that encouraged KJI down this path, a commentator there said, "if pakistan’s experience is any indication for the consequences of a nuke test, then north korea can count on being partners with the US in the war on terror within a few years. or they could follow india’s lead, and in that case they’ll receive american nuclear technology as a “punishment.”"
    2) some reports say the location is around Hwadae Kun 花台. but it does not match the longitude and latitude information by USGS
    3) USGS showed the depth of the quake is "0 km" below ground/sea level. It seems to confirm SK report that it is done through horizontal tunnel into a hill. NK's announcement that no radiation leak is likely a dubious claim. underground water will carry the radiation and it may be an environment disaster (which could affect NW part of the Sea of Japan and fishing industry of Russia)
    4) Update: Globalsecurity puts the location at north of Kilchu Punggye-yok 吉州郡 豐溪驛(near 豐溪里), "the general proximate vicinity of the P'unggye-yok site"

    • In late September 2006, a member of the intelligence committee of South Korea's National Assembly reported on the construction of a tunnel at Mount Mantap in North Hamkyong Province. According to South Korea's National Intelligence Service, the tunnel is approximately 700 meters deep beneath the surface of Mount Mantap and is situated near a horizontal tunnel.
      Mount Mantap is approximately 17 Km North-Northwest from P'unggye-yok, a rail-road station, Kilju County, North Hamgyeong Province.
      The named place that is most nearly proximate to the possible nuclear underground test site is Chik-tong, a small populated place located at 41°16'00"N 129°06'00"E. The suspect site is quite isolated, and is to be found several kilometers away from Chik-tong, and several kilometers removed from Mount Mantap.

    5) Jane's Defence confirmed the location as "approximately 42 km northwest of Kilchu, in the province of North Hamgyong, on the remote slopes of Mant'ap-san Mountain."

    • This coincides with reports that first appeared during 2005 of suspicious tunnelling and construction activities in the area. Subsequent reports during the past month indicate that the North Koreans had excavated a 700 m-long horizontal tunnel under Mant'ap-san.

      Although details are tentative, initial and unconfirmed South Korean reports indicate that the test was a fission device with a yield of .55 kT. By comparison the nuclear bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima yielded approximately 12.5 kT. The figure of .55 kT, however, seems too low given the 4.2 register on the Richter scale. This could suggest - depending upon the geological make-up of the test site - a yield of 2-12 kT. If, however, the lower yield is correct, it would suggest that the test had been a "pre- or post-detonation" event (ie a failure), as it had been anticipated that North Korea's first nuclear test would have a significantly higher yield.

    Update: SK NIS claimed a different location about 50 km south, i.e. near Musudan-ri. Since the seimological data traces the strength and direction of seismic waves from different point to triangulate the epicenter. It is considered to be more accurate. Therefore, the USGS result of Kilchu Gun, Punggye-yok (吉州郡 豐溪驛), which agrees with a site where satellite surveillance revealed suspected activitities (see, e.g., Globalsecurity), is considered to be more reliable than the South Korean claim. I am of the opinion that SK intelligence failed again.

    9月27日

    Outline of post-war new world map (1941)


    This is a very interesting map, created by Maurice Gomberg in 1941 (published 1942).

    You can download a hi-resolution (14MB) map through this link in the lower left corner of the link above,. The format is jp2000, and a viewer can be downloaded here. I have used Kakadu View and it works fine (open with kdu_show.exe).

    If you don't mind the hassle of zooming online (less user-friendly, and often subject to internet delay), you can also zoom the map here.

    This is the short introduction given by most web-sites
    • 1942 world map. "Outline of post-war new world map" by Maurice Gomberg,
    • Philadelphia, Feb. 25, 1942. Shows protectorates and peace-security bases.
    • Includes quotes from President Franklin Roosevelt's message to the 77th Congress on the State of the Union, including the Four Freedoms and the Moral Order.
    • SOURCE: Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington DC.
    A few sites have summarized the "new order" outlined by Gomberg, note also that the map was completed in October 1941, before Pearl Harbor. The full text of the "order" is listed here. A few highlights relevant to the world order today -- as paraphrased by penncrier.com, emphasized by yours sincerely. I have also skipped the outdated notion of commodity nationalization (globalization and amrekit efficiency seem to be quite effective in solving this problem) and demiliatarizing the "war-mongering" Europe (Europe has quietly evolved past that phrase)
    • The U.S.A. must, altruistically, assume the leadership of the newly established world order.
    • The U.S.A., Britain, and the U.S.S.R. will undertake to guarantee peace to the nations, which will be permanently disarmed and demilitarized.
    • The U.S.A. will become invincible as a military, naval, and air power.
    • A world common monetary system will be established.
    It is interesting to compare this to the pre-WWII, WWII map, and the order created immediately after WWII.

    Here are a few obvious notes when comparing this map with that of 1950. (Critique on the flaws of this map does remind me of Kaplanistic foot soldier "I surrounded you, Ha!" march)
    • the whole of Germany and Austria given to the Great USSR, Iran also a Sovier SSR.
    • Korea, Indochina, Thailand and Malaya given to China
    • Burma and Afghanistan to Federated Republic of India (Pakistan was not carved out)
    • USA expanded, naturally, not only to include the rest of North and Central America (Canada, Mexico, Greenland, Carribean), all islands in North Atlantic as outposts (Iceland, Bermuda, Azores, Canary Is, Cape Verdes), all of the Pacific islands, Sulawesi(Celebes), Taiwan and Hainan -- the 3 Guyana's were said to become a USA state in the text, but not shown in the map
    • British Commonwealth to give up Africa and South Asia, but retaining Australia/NZ and taking out some of Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)
    • Other notes: note how Arabian FR and Hebrewland was drawn, Albania with Greece, Northern Ireland with Ireland, Madagascar and Sri Lanka stayed with British Commonwealth
    As to how the "world order" should be modified under today's world, I would leave that to our intelligent readers (perhaps a better way to discuss is to open a thread for each one of Gomberg's lines). Some questions to ask/ threads are (especial in the post Kuwait-Iraq world)
    • One hegemone ("Invincible") vs multiple leader
    • How crucial is genuine altruism/neutrality of the hegemone? (which also leads to the question of single vs multiple hegemone)
    • Is there any medium/small nation that owns meaningful (offensive) weapon today? Is there a need for the smaller nations/federates to own meaningful weapon?
    • If smaller nations do not own meaningful offense/defense, what should the hegemones' commitment to the small be?
    • How similar/different is Gomberg's new order compared with Thomas Barnett's PNM?
    • What assumption of Gomberg become (or close to) reality in today's world? How would this change (or not change) the order of 1950s (vs the order Gomberg proposed)?

    9月17日

    Geo-stats Sep1-14

    After the unblocking of blogspot in mainland China, we have more reliable site stat data. Below is the numbers for Sep 1-14. See also previous data (Apr-Jul) and (Apr-May) for comparison.


    Geography
    Visits
    Apr-Jul Diff
    1
    USA

    28.9%
    37.0% 8.1%
    2
    China (PR)

    14.6%
    0.4% -14.2%
    3
    HK SAR

    13.7%
    14.7% 1.0%
    4
    UK

    6.0%
    5.5% -0.5%
    5
    Canada

    4.1%
    5.8% 1.7%
    6
    Australia

    3.9%
    4.4% 0.5%
    7
    Taiwan

    3.4%
    3.5% 0.1%
    8
    Singapore

    3.3%
    4.6% 1.3%
    9
    Japan

    1.9%
    3.5% 1.6%
    10
    India

    1.8%
    1.8% 0.0%
    11 S Korea
    1.5%
    1.4% 0.0%
    12
    Malaysia

    1.4%
    1.6% 0.2%
    13
    Germany

    1.0%
    1.7% 0.7%
    14
    Netherlands

    0.9%
    1.0% 0.2%
    15
    Thailand

    0.9%
    0.5% -0.4%

    As can be seen, the opening of GFW in the mainland has spared at least 8% of the readers the trouble of detouring via proxy based in USA, and maybe via Canada, Singapore, Japan as well. This confirmed my hypothesis earlier.

    The language system (OS) are aligned with the geo-stats now.


    Geography
    Visits
    1 English
    61.2%
    2
    zh-cn (Chinese simplified)

    14.9%
    3
    zh-tw (Chinese traditional)

    13.0%
    4
    ja (Japanese)

    1.6%
    5
    en (English)

    1.4%
    6
    ko (Korean)

    1.4%
    7
    es (Spanish)

    1.1%
    8
    de (German)

    0.9%
    9
    fr (French)

    0.8%
    10
    ru (Russian)

    0.7%

    • One small surprise is that zh-cn % almost exactly equal that of mainland visitors. (I expected a significant number of visitors inside PRC use English OS, apparently I was wrong.)
    • For traditional Chinese OS (HK+Taiwan), the numbers are also consistent, with about 4% all visitors (i.e. 1/4 of HK+Taiwan) using English OS.
    Total number of countries/areas reached 136 (124 in Jul 25, but the number below is not 12, as there maybe some redefinition such as Montenegro, Europe, "not set" and "satellite ISP", -- see previous post). Welcome new readers (most of them probably come here on google search or wiki link to my GDP/pop-scaled map post):
    • Bahamas, Nicaragua, Zambia, Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta), Gambia, Guyana, Mauritius, Pakistan
    Of course, there is map.
    9月6日

    Nazca lines in Taipei


    According to Etoday, there is a set of Nazca lines in Taipei all these times. The lines will be brought out in the coming weeks when protestors fill the respective streets.
    • 范 可欽說明,以景福門為支點,仁愛路、信義路與中山南路成為設出的三條線,就像是「手拿著代表規矩的『圓規』」,在總統府前立下一個規矩;也有人說像是個手 握單刀的原住民勇士,準備砍下貪腐的政權;甚至有人形容,就像是一個裁判比出「出局」的手勢,遠看更像是一個巨大的倒扁手勢
    • "Fan said, using Jing Fu Gate as the fulcrum, Jen Ai Road, Hsin Yi Road and Chungshan South Road as three protruding lines, the graph looks like a "hand holding a compass" representing the rules and order in front of the presidential palace. Some others said the figure is a totem of an aborigine holding a knife, ready to chop off a corrupted government...
    A pretty cool marketing gimmick. I am not quite sure how effective it will become. But if it manages to get into the Guiness Book, maybe this mass movement could leave some long lasting footprint to history and succeed in embarassing the target of the protests.

    Street names and legends below
    8月31日

    Places I have been to

    Inspired by The 88s.

    Places I have visited
    • Red: more than once, overnight each time, knows the streets without a map
    • Blue: overnight, at least 12 hours
    • Purple: spent at least 6 hours during the day (i.e. outside an office), ate meals, saw the cities/talked to people -- "driving by" or "airport transit" does not count
    • Brown: various places in the area (mainly leisure travelling), more than 24 hours but not neccessarily in one specific location
    Click image to see details
    MyMaps at MapBuilder.net
    Categories:
    Technorati Profile
    8月16日

    Video map: Yakko's world!

    Yakko's world video

    Pretty great song, but the names are not all for "nations" and the data and maps are quite old. (It was probably produced in the early 1990s, soon after Germany was united in Oct 1990. "soon" because you still see the USSR map. However, the author probably failed to notice that Yemens were united in May 1990) So these notes are needed if you are teaching the kids
    • Carribean is a sea
    • Puerto Rico, Guam are US territories; Tibet, HK, Taiwan are part of China (HK probably was still a British colony at the time it was produced)
    • San Juan is a city (capital of Puerto Rico)
    • Czech and Slovakis split
    • Middle East is not Europe (except if you buy a round-the-world ticket with the oneworld alliance), Scotland and England are not nations, UK is, Greenland is part of Denmark
    • Instead of Yemens, there is only one Yemen now
    • Kampuchea calls itself Cambodia again now
    • Asia is a continent
    • New Guinea has a full name, PNG
    • Sumatra is an island of Indonesia
    • Borneo hosts 3 countries, Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia
    • Algier is a city, capital of Algeria in the previous line
    • Dahomey is the same as Benin in the previous line (name changed in 1975, before Cambodia was called Kampuchea)
    • Zaire is now another Democratic Republic of Congo (But there is still a smaller Congo to its west - with a capital called Brazzaville, opposite to the other capital Kinshasa across the Congo river.
    • I have no idea what Mahore is
    • Cayman is a British Colony, so is Bermuda
    • Abu Dhabi is an emirate within UAE
    • We all know what happened to Yugoslavia now. There was a lesser Yugoslavia even after the Bosnia and Kosovo wars. But Montenegro declared independence, Serbia followed suit as there was no point in a Yugoslavia with only Serbia itself. So long to the imperialist winners of WWI
    • Crete maybe a nation in 2500 years ago, it is just an island of Greece
    • Transylvania is part of Romania (home of vampire)
    • Palestine, unfortunately, is not a fully independent nation yet
    • Finally, don't be offended if your nation has not been included
    • There are also a number of irregularities in the map. e.g. Bhutan and Nepal were not shown. But I will leave this to our readers to explore

    Despite all these faults, still an impressive task in puting them into an intersting song.

    If you like it, there is also a flag version.


    ...and the solar system, american state capitals.

    Map: Beirut levelled

    Beirut on July 31st, after Israel bombed (vis Terrorism News)
    The location is about 3.5km NE of Beirut Airport.


    You can zoom in for the pre-bombing satellite image with Google map location at 33.853N, 35.509E.


    Zoomed in the affected quarter,

    This is probably where the Hezbollah headquarter building was located. But it is fair to say that
    1. Hezbollah is not stupid enough to store weapon at its headquarter building in Beirut
    2. Much more than that single building was levelled.


    Update: wiki has the hi-resolution picture of the damage (not globalscape picture is rotated by 90 degrees. N is to the left hand side)
    8月1日

    Map: Doolittle Raid - raid from Shangri-la




    I recently watched an old Japanese movie Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku 連合艦隊司令長官山本五十六, a well made movie, portraying Yamamoto Isoroku (山本五十六) as a strategic visionary who knew that instead of allying with German and Italy and fighting the US, Japan should have focused on its 4-year old war in China alone.

    In the movie it was mentioned that one of the triggers for the Battle of Midway was the Doolittle Raid in Tokyo on April 18, 1942 (which was depicted (with some mirrow factual errors) in the much lamer movie Pearl Harbor). Yamamoto decided that the US aircraft carriers should be destroyed to protect Japan from air raids.

    Dollittle Raid itself was a total failure as a military campaign. All the 16 B-25 bombers crash landed after running out of fuel (except 1, which was confiscated by the "neutral" USSR at the time), although none was damaged in the raid. Japan lost about 50 people and another 250 wounded (mostly minor injury), plus some 90 factories damaged to different extent. The objective was supposed to boost the morale domestically in US, which has been achieved. Arguably additional (undesired) strategic benefit include forcing repatrication of some of Japan's fighters to defend the cities, and most importantly, Midway.

    Midway is, arguably the turning point in the Pacific Theater. Though the destiny of the war has already been determined when US entered. Even if Japan had won Midway, it would only have delayed the US coutner-attach by a few months to a year, since US would have produced more carriers in the long run. War is determined by economy and technology. Furthermore, the schedule of the development of the Atomic Bomb was indifferent to the result of Midway.

    In the maps above you could see the flight paths of these 16 bombers. The reason it ran out of fuel was because the aircraft carriers were encountered Japanese warships and had to launch the attack 200 miles (300 km) before the planned launch location, i.e., 1120km from Tokyo.

    An animate map of the Doolittle Raid can be found here. A detailed account (in Chinese) here.

    The original destinations were supposed to be Quzhou (west of Zhejiang province, 浙江衢州, map below) and Nanchang of Jiangxi province (江西南昌), which were not occupied by the Japanese at the time. Unfortunately the crash landing scattering in an area of 500 sq km around Anhui, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces.


    Among the 75 Americans landed in China
    • 62 were rescued by Chinese civilians and guerilla. One was killed by Japanese during transportation, 2 dies in crash landing. 64 were saved and transferred to US.
    • 2 planes (10 people) were unaccoutned for, 2 died in crash landing, 8 captured by Japanese, of which 3 were subsequently executed, another died of abuse -- 3 Japanese officers who were responsible for the abuse would later be sentenced to 5 years, another 1 to 9 years in Shanghai (were they eligible to enter Yasukuni when they died?)
    • 1 plane (5 crew members) landed in Vladivostok, the plane was confiscated and the crew were sent back via Iran after 13 months
    In one village where crashed plane was spotted by the Japanese, all 27 villagers were killed on spot for refusing to tell the whereabout of the Americans.

    In the 3 months after the crash landing, Japanese army raided Chinese villages and killed 250,000 civilians in the area. The notorious Unit 731 participated in the action, testing its newly developed biological weapon.

    Some other tidbits (see wiki and zh.wiki)
    • In addition to US movies, ROC (Taiwan) made a couple movies depicting the rescue
    • The event was seldomly mentioned (and rarely known) in mainland China until around 1990. (Flying Tigers was more well known)
    • Chinese civilian tried every effort to satisfy the need of the American crew, Zeng Jianpei even managed to get a bottle of beer for the American, an impossinle task in occupied rural China. He was rewarded with 50 bottles in return when he was invited to the 1992 Doolittle Reunion in US
    • President Rooselvolt told the press conference that the planes took off from "Shangri-la"
    • A "bench" player Henry, offered $100 to take a seat to the raid right before took-off. His offer was unanswered
    • Doolittle himself gave up opportunity to bomb a carrier he sighted in Tokyo Bay and proceeded to his targets
    • The instruction was not to attack civilian targets (only military related factories were targeted), and the Emporer's Palace were explicitly avoided
    7月11日

    Yaks love the Qinghai Tibet Railway (ii) -- and geography

    The Railway under construction in 2005


    First, the yaks love the new railway! (more yak on rail pictures here)

    Weighing 1000kg a yak could derail a train. This offers a second explanation to why the rail needs to be guarded.

    ---
    Geography



    The highest point of the Railway is near Tanggula Pass. at 5072m (16,600ft) above sea level, i.e.,
    • taller than Mont Blanc (4808m), Europe, the highest point in Europe is, technically Mt Elbrus (5642m) at Caucasus, Russia, about 10% higher than our Tangula Pass
    • taller than Mt Massif (4897), highest of Antartica
    • only 827m shorter than Mt Kilimanjaro (5895m), Africa
    • Almost twice that of Mt Baitou/Changbai, between China and Korea (DPRK)
    • 30% above Mt Fuji (3776m), 20% above Mt Jade (3952) of Taiwan Province, China (ROC), or Mt Kinabalu (4093m) at Sabah, Borner, Malaysia
    • Higher than Mt Whitney (4421) at Sierra Nevada, or any point in the 48 US States, or the second highest point in Alaska Mt Sanford (16,237 ft) -- just 20% shorter than Mt McKinley (20,320 ft) in Denali, Alaska
    But that is only where the railway actually goes through, Tanggula Pass is at 6070m. The peak around the pass is called Gladindong(6621m), and Purog Kangri (6929) of Tanggula Shan, which divided Tibet from Qinghai.

    Just south of the Tanggula Pass Station (5068m) is the highest point of the railway (5072m).

    20km of the railway is above 5000m. 780 km from 4500 to 5000m.

    The railways rises to above around 5000m, near the 1338m long Fenghuo Shan Tunnel and continue to be around that altitude beyond the pass. About 550km in length of this section is on permafrost, i.e. so high that the temperature is always signigicantly below freezing point.

    Stations, tunnels and bridges on railway


    Related links:
    1) Wiki's station list, and stations with vista points.
    2) Chinapage
    3) Schaefer's "The Railway to Tibet"
    4) BBC' new report on inauguration July 1st (video)
    5) Timesonline: Passages for endangered chiru, and "Video monitoring shows that more than 800 antelope have already passed under the railway"

    6) Comminganarchy has discussion on merit of train travel in the comment section

    ---
    These pictures were taken in June between Andu and Tanggula Pass stations

    Tibet Antelope (Chiru) (see also early post)

    Tibetan donkey

    Where did Taepodong-2 land? (ii)

    BBC has this chart, showing the Long range missile (TPD-2) landed about 400 km east of Korean coast (launch site musidan-ri).

    ...and wiki has a similar one


    According to wiki, Taepodong-2's full speed is around 8-9km/s, and that the missile landed about 40 seconds after it was launched.

    Let's do some simple maths, on the maximum distance the missile travelled. Let's assume the missile reached top speed before it landed (more likely it didn't. it would have started burning the second stage if it did, plus acceleration stopped a few seconds before it reached water surface), and let's assume only the horizontal component of the velocity (the range would be smaller for parabolic trajectory, because the horizontal component is less than 8-9km/s), then the upper bound of the distance traveled is:
    • average speed x 40 sec
    • = (0+8.5)/2 x 40 = 170 km

    In reality the distance the missile traveled was at most 50-100km from the launch site. i.e. closer to NK than Russia and it should be to the west end of BBC's green ellipse. BBC's red ellipse seems to be placed totally wrong.

    Update: Globalsecurity confirms my hypothesis here. It also showed that the S Korean claim of 499km is incorrect and "appears to be mixing the other missile flight data observations". In fact, Globalsecurity's estime is only 1.4km, confirming my suspection that a lot of the energy was given to the vertical thrust upward.
    • "[Vick] is reasonably certain it was not aimed at the United States at a much higher inclination as discussed below. It ultimately impacted near the launch site infrastructure just off shore perhaps about 1.4 kilometers from the pad with perhaps 4.4 km altitude gained before collapsing into the Sea of Japan"
    7月7日

    Qinghai Tibet railway videos



    1) Beautiful Tibet Railway clip from Taiwan TV recording. Chinese subtitle, Tibetan singing (link).

    2) A series of video clips in Cantonese, Chinese subtitle, plus picture/wallpaper download. (Oriental Daily)

    3) Travelogue by a Dutch tourist in Tibet (the trip started in HK, ended in Beijing)see Sander Nijdam's travelogue (in Dutch, but picture is language independent).

    4) Related links: ESWN, Tim Johnson (don't miss the comments below), Ming Pao op-ed on Tibet Railway vs Yangtze Dam, Environmental Measures in QTR (includes interesting anecdotes about how to build a bridge to avoid blocking the antelop passage, and how to convince the antelopes to pass under the bridge).

    5) (Update) Read Times reporter Jane Macartney's travel diary at her blog (updated daily!). (Via Shanghai)
    Categories:
    7月2日

    World Cup geography


    Quarter-final will begin in an hour.


    The 8 quarter-finalists are, co-incidentally, the countries with highest populations in Europe and South America
    • Russia and Colombia did not qualify, so fate/FIFA cannot control (it was alleged FIFA secretly wished the countries with biggest markets to advance further and that FIFA discriminate against Asia and Africa - but that is conspiracy from those continents)
    • That Portugal sneaked in (in instead of Spain) was because of sheer luck in bracket drawing. The Netherlands (16M) should have beaten Portugal (10.5M) but Spain's "votes" when to Portugal while neighboring German "votes" stayed with Germany
    • That FIFA manipulated the matches through dubious referee was obvious. Why would Switzerland (7M) miss all the penalty kicks otherwise? :) Why did FIFA keep refusing spending another couple minute to look at the video when there is dispute in referee judgment?
    • This is a stupid game and I am not going to watch again. Time will be better spent studying maps
    Prediction for quarter-final (according to population, or democratic voting, or FIFA marketing)
    • Germany, Italy, England (49M), Brazil
    Prediction for semi-final
    • Germany, Brazil
    Final is a game of population vs continental power. If Japan can be eliminated in the group prelims, it is not unlikely Germany would beat Brazil.
    Categories: -----------
    Update:
    since the Brazilian non-team failed even after some minor biase from the referee, history of host-continent wins world cup (i.e. there are only 2 qualified continents) is ensured.

    with the population rule (which, statistically means a larger pool of good players), it will be franco-prussian war in the final. and prussia will prevail.

    6月28日

    Surfing Google Earth (ii)

    Update, without installing google earth, google map can also be used. just type the coordinates in the same syntax, e.g. "42 39 19 N, 94 10 02 E".More cool surfing on Google Earth. This one is the banner plus a map of China viewable in the satellite. Inside the map sketch it is a national flag, plus "Motherland in my heart", to the East (note N is point at 8 o'olock in this map) of this is "Protect our country, guard the border". I suspect this was painted during the cold war before USSR collapsed.Location: On the southern end of China-Kyrgistan border, 50km West of Uluqqat, 200km west of Kashi. The border town is called Simuhana.---Update on the previous banners near Hami:1. Precise size of the banners were measured. e.g. 300mx50m for the banner shown above.2. It was said (in comment field) these were painted for airplane pilot training purposes (by "No 8 Pilot College" of the airforce), to assist them to find the small airport when they land. You can see the airport on google earth near of the banner in the middle of the cluster. In 1960s we did not have GPS/etc.---Other cool stuffs:In People's Square, Chengdu, you can also see the banner "Happy New Year". (and many company logos on top of buildings we can see as we land in US airports, though these are all smaller than the Cultural Revolution banners above)Coordinates on previous post:42 32'33.95" N 94 19'36.80" e ---为人民服务42 39'18.85" N 94 10'00.80" e ---毛主席万岁!42 27'12.08" N 94 08'49.36" e ---排除万难去争取胜利42 39'33.30" N 94 16'00.59" e ---只争朝夕42 27'40.95" N 94 14'36.80" e ---向斗争中学习Coordinates for new cool stuff!Simuhana coordinates above39 41'43.47" N 73 55'37.17" e ---祖国在我心中 in China map (to the east of this: 卫国戍边)39 43'34.55"N 73 56'59.58"E --- 祖国万岁 Long Live Motherland (to the NW there is a small string of characters too small to recognize, anyone venture a guess?)39 43'08.75"N 73 57'14.16"E --- 斯姆哈纳欢迎您44 18n,86 39e (距石河子48-49公里) --- mechanical agriculture in Shihezi, west of UrumqiShangri-la Buddhist script香格里拉-松赞林寺 27.86808444N, 99.69783333E (Songzanlin Temple, name of lama temple in  Tibetan and Chinese, Shangr-La, Yunnan40°21'15.41",116°00'24.21" Badaling Great WallInteresting points in other countries32.165978,-110.854884 ---Davis Monthan AFB, US18.5784602315, 73.9199699249 --- Sukhoi 30 MKI, India38°43'14.73"N, 121°15'23.64"E --- Chinese submarine in Boahi Bay34.0833816528, 139.528656006 -- Miyake-jima, smoking volcano in Japan53 31'54.33N,1 21'22.63W --- "The signs" A635/Darfield, South of Leeds, England14°41'11.61"S,75°10'23.26"W --- Nazca lines, Peru51°52'17.78"N,0°34'0.13"W --- "apparent airplane collision" Edlesborough, SW of Luton, England69°15'32.22"N 33°14'17.11"E --- Capsized ship, Saida Bay, N of Murmansk, Russia51°4'47.1"N6°59'18"E --- burning car, on A3 autobahn near Gieslenberg, N of Leverkusen, Germany,47.62778500/-122.24189100 Bill Gates' House, Medina, WA, USA37°39'56.22"N116° 1'30.90"W Mysteriuos triangle (inscribing circles), Nevada, 300km east of Yosemite37°50'38.81"N116°43'53.01"W Underground Nuke or Nuke waste storagr(?), Nevada, 250km N of Las Vegas40.09505600/128.34080800 Alleged N Korea nuke facilities, Soho-ri, between Hongwon and Sinpo40°45'52.01"N 74° 0'1.23"W USS ENterprise at Manhattan west side48°52'26.79"N,2°17'42.66"E --- Arc de Triumph48°48'17.76"N,2° 7'18.24"E --- Palace Verseilles41°53'24.32"N,12°29'31.16"E --- Colisuem, Roma29°58'43.41"N,31° 8'5.06"E --- Pyramid29°58'31.81"N,31° 8'15.10"E --- Sphinx27.9782502279, 86.9221941736 --- 珠穆朗玛峰(Mount Everest)22°57'5.72"S,43°12'36.65"W Rio de Janeiro, Jesus Statue3° 3'53.24"S,37°20'56.85"E Kilimanjaro, snow cap in equator. (Note Al Gore's pictures are midleading. He took pcitures from different times in the year)51°10'44.32"N,1°49'43.38"W --- Stone Henges, UK13° 09'48.07"S,72°32'44.69"W --- Machu Picchu, Peru
    6月18日

    New Google earth beta: better resolution

    Download new Google Earth Beta here. More user-friendly controls, better resolution in many locations. e.g.Cultural Revolution remnant mega-slogasn seen from space - 100-150 km ESE of Hami 哈密 City (N of Yandun烟墩), Xinjiang(You can enter latittude/longitude coordinates shown in local left corner of the pictures to "fly" directly to the locations, use space to separate minutes/seconds, and comma to separate longitude from latitude)More pictures with coords can be found at here, enjoy the treasure hunt.Precise locations of each slogan shown hereIn Spratly, Vietnam has built many airports through aggressive land-filling, before our friends in Taiwan started debating on whether to build it or not.(Note there is a boat on the west side of the island)More pictures with coords can be found at here.
    6月4日

    Introducing Gapminder

    Hat tips to Sean Meade @ Thomaspbarnett.com, comes this amazing tool called gapminder (google tool). For example,downloaded versions at gapminder.orgLooking at the chart above (where the circle series shows data from year 1975-2004), we see the fetrtility rate in most countries are dropping, except for USA and Russia. Russian income and fertility rate both took a turn around 1996-7, very likely a result of the economic/political transition after USSR collapsed. A few hypothesis regarding Malthus
    • There is a clear trend of fertility rate decline over time since 1970s. Is this a result of income growth? or "pressure" (population density/career pressure)
    • A noted example is HK, with fertility rate below 1. It is an extremely densely populated urban environment, where there is very little living space (per capita living area is probably lower than 100 sq ft/10 sq m!), working hour is extremely long (many work from 9am to 8pm, for 5/25 days/week). The result may be both psychological and physiological
    • This seems to be very strong evidence for Sean Meade's assertion of "Malthus not happening". But I think it is simpler (or more complex) than that. This only shows the self-correcting course of nature. There is a limit for the total number of people our earth can support, given the techonology human being can command at the particular era. When such limit is approached, self-correcting mechanism is "switched on". Such mechanism include famine, war, and gradual correction by natural decrease in fertility, or forced decrease in fertility (China). These are perhaps the only difference between what Malthus predicts and what we have observed. Malthus is still correct. China is able to avoid the Malthus calamity precisely because it took preventative action after warned by Malthus, and got an early lesson in 1959-1961 when policy mistake brought about the calamity earlier than it would have occurred naturally. Had it not been the long period of peace after WWII (all wars were local and in relatively small scale), war would have done the job of population reduction before non-war factors does the job. The only areas of major decrease in population due to war was perhaps Indo-China and Korea since 1945. So the psychologically/physiologically induced self-correction kicked in because war did not.
    • US is a special case, it probably has to do with lower population density (higher space/capita), pro-child environment/culture, secondary effect of the 1950-60 baby-boom cycle, or perhaps hispanic immigration? The natural correction would start when population pressure is felt, as the US land can support a much larger populaiton.
    5月5日

    How to get from Taipei to Asuncion

    (As David noted in the comment below, ASU is 78 miles from the anti-pole of TPE, which makes the additional mileage in detours less dramatic than that of MVD. You can replace ASU with MVD in the "paths box" of the great circle links, you will see the difference in mileages are much bigger.)

    ---
    (Warning: this is really a map/geography post, not a political post. The author takes Ah Bian "Astray Diplomacy 迷航外交" as an excuse to blog on geography.)


    The shortest route from Taipei to Montevido(Uraguay) Asuncion Paraguay is to fly over South Africa (12367 miles). However, the longest a commerical flight (Boeing 747) can fly is around 8000 miles (e.g. the direct (polar) flights from HKG to JFK(NYC) on Cathay Pacific, 8072 miles).

    Therefore, a fueling station is needed. CSB wanted to refuel at NYC, SFO or LAX. But these paths do not make much sense, said DPP legislator Lin Cho-Shui. Lin contends that the purpose of the trip is to visit Montevideo, not big cities in USA.
    • 林濁水表示,就算是高層出訪過境美國一百次,每次美方都多提供一點點接待規格,臺灣與美國的關係也沒有正常化...他痛批,政府的心態是把過境當成外交的主軸,爭取到一點表面的規格就洋洋得意,完全是荒唐,不要把國家資源浪費在沒意義的過境爭取上。
    • "the government has made transit the core axis of diplomacy, and flatters itself when it receives every insignificant gesture [from USA]. This is totally ridiculous. Do not waste resources on meaningless transit diplomacy....even if Taiwan received elevated treatment every time for 100 times, there is no impact on the normalization of Taiwan-US relationship."
    Chiang III said JNB (South Africa) is a better refuel station. I usually do not believe in politicians, esp someone from the Chiang family. So I did some research on the economics of the paths. Here is what I got
    • TPE-JNB-ASU: 12368 (miles)
    • TPE-JFK-ASU: 12459
    • TPE-ANC-ASU: 12485
    • TPE-SFO-ASU: 12502
    • TPE-LAX-ASU: 12503
    So Lin is correct. JFK is not the best path, nor is SFO/LAX. Chiang III is actually totally right (my apologies). JNB is the best alternative, only 1 mile off the ideal path.

    P.S. US also suggested the best path for Taipei-San Jose(Costa Rica), CSB obliged. CSB also chose ANC over HNL as transit point to ASU, due to better path and logistics.
    • TPE-SJO (great circle): 9478
    • TPE-ANC-SJO: 9496
    • TPE-SFO-SJO: 9508
    • TPE-HNL-SJO: 10001
    • TPE-JFK-SJO: 10012
    Unrelated post (but more interesting): Jujuflop on DPP's Karl Rove, who is repsonsible for almost every single victory of DPP and CSB, and doing it again.

    Update:
    Latest rumour: CSB is making a 'protest transit' at Tripoli or Beirut.
    TPE-BEY-ASU=12381; TPE-BEY-ASU=12385
    Better choices than ANC.

    New update (May 4):
    Ooops it is Abu Dhabi! Lebanon rejected the request.
    A small problem: TPE-AUH-ASU=4139+8234=12373 miles, although an overall shorter distance, it is not a mid-point refuel. i.e. the second segment AUH-ASU is 8234 miles, 747 can handle this with no problem, but for safety, it might need a "forced" re-fuel if encounters headwind. Let's pray for the wind.

    New update (May 5):
    According to the "Foreign Minister" Huang, the Aquafresh plane will have to refuel at Dominican Republic again. Pretty big detour this time.
    New mileage: TPE-AUH-SDQ-ASU=4139+7671+3111=14911, what a mileage run! Is CSB trying to earn more miles for his children? Given the recent controversial of family member tag-along to AUH.
    (update):
    Of course, there is a latest twist. Because the ground temperature in AUH is too high, 47 degrees Celsius. The plane could not refuel fully (avoid high pressure in gas tank). The plane could not even reach Santo Domingo, it stopped at Amsterdam. TPE-AUH-AMS-ASU=13891.

    Refueling stop for the return trip is another game to play. "Guerilla diplomacy", some say. Perhaps not Anchorage.
    4月16日

    Explain the world from a map

    You can explain a lot of questions from looking at a map. You can also spot patterns and form hypothesis/theory with a map. Example by examining this physical geography map of Asia
    • Why S Korea is richer than N Korea from the beginning - more low-lying and flat land
    • Why Taiwan was colonized by the Chinese before the Japanese or the Ryukyu - Arable flat low land on the west coast (and population pressure in China of course, but there was also the neutralizing factor of dynasty discouragement)
    • Pattern: ancient civilizations all formed around the 33-37 parallel, Yellow River area, Mesopotamia, Persian Plateau, Indus River area and Greece. Theory/hypothesis: perhaps it is cold enough to have a winter so that people have nothing to do but think and innovate whiel it is not too cold that they cannot survive?
    • Corollary: Is Lee Kuan Yew correct on his praise for true invention of air-conditioner (I tend to make stupid mistakes in maths while at school in summer exams but did well in winters. I used to blame the higher brownian motion activities in summer for disrupting my neurons)?
    • See the area around Shanxi province in China (labeled Yellow Earth Plateau/Huangtu Gaoyuan), the desertification in China. This was the center of Chinese civilization from 500BC to fairly recently, then that of present Iraq (should yellower than as displayed in this map), Indus River Valley (Pakistan). Question: why these areas which nurtured early civilization are all desert today? Is Jared Diamond right on his Easter Island theory?
    • Hot and mountainous areas tend to nurture spicy cuisines (perhaps for better preserving food/killing germ or masking rotten smell?). e.g. Jiangxi, Hunan, Guizhou, SE Asia, India. What about the Sichuan Basin (just look for a 'basin' on the map, you won't miss)? Being surrounded and hence 'conquered' by mountain cuisine culture?
    • Match the map of arable land (low, flat, with water) with that of Han and ethnic minority population in China. Note the spots of Miao and Yao who shared the land with Han 3000 years ago. Corollary: why Han Chinese did not really colonize Xinjiang despite extensive control and migration during Han and Tang period even further west
    You are welcome to add your insights.
    Categories:
    3月9日

    Ethnic Autonomous Units in China, and the ethnic compositions

    China has 5 Autonomous Regions at provincial level (Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Tibet, Ningxia, Guangxi), 30 Autonomous Zhou (under a province/region but larger than a county), 120 Autonomous Counties. i.e. 155 Autonomous Regions in total. (More details here, and here)

    This article below has some interesting insights, about the population composition and speculations on the political motivation behind the demarcation.
    • Most of them were established prior to 1958, only 2 Zhou's and a few counties were established after 1978
    • There is no clear cooreltion between the setting up of such regions and the ethnic composition. minorities comprise 20.76%/34.53%/38.34% in IM/NX/GX regions, while in Yunnan and Guizhou they represent 33.41% and 37.85% of the population. The reason is that there is no dominant ethnic groups in Yunnan and Guizhou
    • Han is the largest group in NX/IM/GX (and almost as large in XJ). It was speculated that there are various political motiovation behind such set up. An example is Inner Mongolia, the region was enlarged to include the Han region of Chahaer and Rehe. It gave the Mongolian Autnomonous Region more land to control, but also diluted the minority %. (This AFP article made an ignorant comment on the population composition, saying "The Mongolians themselves, now a small minority accounting for about 20 percent of the total population in their own region". The truth is, if you look at the history of the demarcation of the region, you would see Han areas have been incorporated to ensure 'stability'. Mao seemed to have foreseen the lessons of the breakdown of the USSR, and moved early to make sure that separatist cannot vote the areas out of China) The other example is the inclusion of the Han-dominant Xining city into Qinghai province.
    • Similar considerations were given in the demarcation of Zhou's. In 16 of the 30 Zhous Han is the dominant people, and Han is #2 in other 7 Zhou's.
    • Another consideration is "balancing". e.g., in Kezilesu Kirghik AZ in Xinjiang, Kirghiks represent only 29% of the popluation but were given the dominant position, while the Uighur represents 64%. In this case, Uighur is taking Han's position in IM AR.
    In officially released population stats, we only see the breakdown of Xinjiang and Yunnan. I have posted earlier the table for all counties in Xinjang and a qualitative map for Yunnan. The table below is the ethnic composition of 30 Autonomous Zhou's, showing that in some Zhou's Han is the majority, and in some others the dominant ethnic group has a low as only 1/4 of the population.

    中国的民族自治地方
    时间:2006-01-10

    在近代的浪潮中,阶级斗争、妇女解放、民族自治具备一个共同点:它们都是反体系的。在这一基础上,我们可以理解这三者在新中国的革命话语中所具备的合法地位,也理所当然地得到公开提倡。然而,革命在激发民族主义的同时,也是反民族主义的,因为它的成功依赖于一种普世的价值观。

    一、民族自治:面纱下的人口结构

    截止2004年底,中国一共有5个自治区、30个自治州、119个自治县/旗;其面积占国土的64%。然而如果我们仔细考察这些自治地方的沿革,就会发现,地级以上自治地方绝大部分都是在1958年之前设立的。之后20年完全陷于停顿,1978年后只增设了2个自治州(同时又撤消了另1个)以及50个自治县。

    这一点在自治州这一级上表现得尤为明显,现有的30个自治州,有28个是在1950到1958年的短短八年之间接二连三地设立起来的。这与五大自治区的设立基本同步(内蒙古最早,1947;新疆1955;宁夏/广西1958;西藏1965)。

    1958年,正是大跃进开始的前夕。到这一年,民族自治地方的设立,在布局上实际上已经基本完成,此后也很少作更改和大的触动。但这一完成,立刻就名存实亡,文革前后的民族自治,实质与内地县市全无差别。即使今天,如果以人口结构的观点来看,这些自治地方的行政区划是具有很多令人困惑的地方的,例如:

    1、2000年,内蒙古人口中少数民族仅为20.76%(1953年才15.73%);宁夏为34.53%,广西38.34%——这三个自治区中,汉族在人口上均已占绝对优势,但它们的名义仍为自治区。同时,云南的少数民族人口比例为33.41%,贵州37.85%,甚至还比以上三个自治区高,但它们仍是省。如果说原因是因为云南、贵州的少数民族众多,不如以上三个自治区有优势的主体民族,那么青海如何?该省2000年少数民族占45.51%(1953年更高,50.95%),民族也相对单一,以藏族和回族为主,但我们没有“青海藏族自治区”。

    2、现在有地州一级以上自治地方的民族共有19个。但55个少数民族中,有几个人口众多的民族却不享有这一地位:例如人口1068万的满族(人口列第2,仅次于壮族);瑶族(264万,第12);黎族(125万,第17);畲族(71万,第19)。而人口仅16万的柯尔克孜族(第31)、13万的景颇族(第33位)人口数排在20位以后的却享有自治州地位。

    如果说满族是因为居住分散(这是同化的必要条件,美国有3000万黑人,也不设什么黑人自治州)而不得享有这一地位,那么瑶族等就很难这样解释;而黎族一度有海南自治州,但在1987年海南建省时被撤消。事实上好几个比柯尔克孜族和景颇族人口更多的民族也是聚居的,例如纳西族。

    3、在所有30个自治州中,汉族在其中16个占有人口第一的优势(另7个居第2);这一人口优势事实上很少改变。1978年,汉族在全国民族自治地方的人口比例曾达到61%(1999年为54.2%)。以云南为例,思茅地区汉族仅占39%,但它却不是自治州,而同省的楚雄彝族自治州汉族占68%,还高于临沧地区(汉族占61%)。

    通常来说,一个民族自治地方的设立,是因为特殊的历史原因,但最重要的,应当是民族结构。例如福建的土著本也是闽越族,但既然汉族的同化早已彻底改变其民族结构,我们自然也不必设立“福建自治区”;同样,也从没人说过要设立“台湾高山族自治区”。

    基于这一显而易见的原因,一个自治地方的主体民族应是在人口结构上占有优势的世居民族。但我们已经看到,事实往往远非如此。不必说云南、贵州、青海看起来似乎更有理由成为自治区,即使在自治州内,如果横向比较,也有很多令人困惑之处,例如:

    1、四川阿坝藏族自治州1955年成立后,于1978年在名字中加入“羌族”;但羌族只占该州人口18%;而在云南怒江,白族占28%,仅次于傈僳族;云南迪庆,傈僳族占29%,仅次于藏族,但他们的名字都不并列为主体民族;

    2、更奇怪的是很多自治州的主体民族,实际在自己的地盘里也是“少数民族”。例如克孜勒苏柯尔克孜族自治州,主体民族柯尔克孜族实际上只相当于人口的29%(而维吾尔族却占64%);最极端是新疆的两个蒙古族自治州,蒙古族人口分别仅占4%和6%。但这三个州的主体民族都不是人口占多数的维吾尔族。如果说新疆是因为它已经是维吾尔族自治区,那么青海海北藏族自治州呢?这里回族占25%,高于藏族20%的比例——但它并不叫“海北回族藏族自治州”。

    一些自治县的情况也如此,例如1984年成立的景宁畲族自治县(浙江),畲族仅占人口10%;贵州第一个民族自治地方:威宁彝族自治县1954年11月成立,但该县汉族占74.6%;比较晚近成立的如道真仡佬族苗族自治县(1987.11.29),汉族却只占21.2%;务川仡佬族苗族自治县(1987.11.26),汉族仅占4.3%。按道理,道真和务川不是早该比威宁先成立自治县吗?

    当然,也有人会说,你以2000年的人口结构去衡量是不对的,因为该地方设立时的1950年代结构或许的确是少数民族占优势。但这也是不能说服人的。如内蒙古,早在1947年设立时,汉族已经占人口优势。因此,我们可以完全断定,设立民族自治地方的原因,并不完全在于民族人口的结构。

    二、行政区划的秘密

    在中国历史上,对待少数民族地区的办法主要是羁縻制(核心是只要承认中央,一切全随当地旧制),这实际上是一种高度自治的控制手段,其起因不如说是因为中央政府鞭长莫及。但在明清以降,就逐步开始大规模的“改土归流”政策,大力推行郡县制,废除土司——这一政策主要在西南地区展开,伴随着大规模强制措施,甚至不惜大开杀戒。

    近代的不少忧国人物,从大汉族主义的角度来看,他们都是非常优秀的边疆事务管理者,但他们通常却都有一种相同的出发点:即认为国家要巩固边疆以御外侮,根本手段之一是同化当地少数民族。晚清治藏的张荫棠就是最著名的例子。这一点在民国人物中也常是共识。如1927年访问新疆的徐旭生,对汉族教育无法同化缠回(维吾尔族),深感忧虑。在这一意识下,出现一种Owen Lattimore所说的“次帝国主义”——即遭受帝国主义巨大压力的汉族,为巩固边疆,又对蒙古族等大力实行同化政策。

    我们今天无须太苛责前人。因为在一种被“围困”的情形下,人最容易有这种团结一致的紧迫感。例如法国大革命时,最紧要的措施之一,就是消除“五六个不同的法国”,而把全国强行整齐划一。经过1789年的大风暴后,之前具有独立倾向、与法国内地相比形同外国的地区如阿尔萨斯-洛林、布列塔尼、科西嘉等,都逐渐法兰西化,以至最后完全一致,到现在已根本没必要设立自治区(而意大利却有5个自治大区)。

    不过同在法国一样,过于急迫的措施最终将激起当地人的抵触情绪。因此,在新中国革命的浪潮中,民族工作成为一项重要内容,其核心之一是将所有罪状归咎于封建制度,而宣称从此将享受阶级、性别、民族一切方面的平等。

    这诚然是令人欢欣鼓舞的。中央政府给予民族自治地方以足够的重视与尊重,但同时,它也三番五次地暗示,祖国是一个大家庭,而中国民族分布的特点就是“多民族大杂居,小聚居”——散居是民族同化的首要前提。这一点对于形容西南地区民族,并无大的漏洞(因为当地山区,民族呈垂直分布);但对蒙、藏、回、维等北方民族,却未必恰当——实际上我们也可看出,藏族是一个最大的苦恼:2000年人口542万(相当于全国的4%)、仅列各少数民族第9位的藏族,却有1个自治区和10个自治州,面积占全国1/4。即使从这一点来看,青海设立为自治区也是不可取的,而宁可在其下面再分别设立6个藏族自治州。西康省的废除,在我看来也是同样原因,因为不废除,很难解释为什么西康不改为藏族自治区(1953年西康省藏族人口占近70%)。

    一个国家的历史,总有其连贯性,新中国也不例外——虽然它一直声称要和万恶的旧社会一刀两断。在中国的行政沿革中,自古有两条最重要的法则:山川形便和犬牙相入。简单地说就是既要依照当地情况,但又要设置可控制的前哨。

    在我看来,新中国的民族区域自治也贯彻着这一思想,最显著的无过于新疆。通过把大片土地切割给哈萨克、蒙古、回族、柯尔克孜族等四个少数民族作为自治州,维吾尔族周旋的余地大为减弱。例如克孜勒苏州,1954年设立时主体民族柯尔克孜族还不到7万人,在该州的人口中大大低于维吾尔族,其首府阿图什在1930年瑞典学者雅林到访时仅是疏附县的一个小镇。但该州的地域从地图上正好挡住维吾尔族向西的路线——而历史上多次中亚的叛乱或入侵正是由此前往喀什的。

    还有青海海西蒙古族藏族自治州。该州在长江源头一带有一块飞地,遂在一大片藏族占优势的地区中插入一个蒙古族为主导的地区(但该州人口中蒙古族也只占7%,而汉族占80%)。

    另一种办法则是内蒙古模式:1947年成立内蒙古自治区时,其范围仅包括该区今天的东北部分(面积相当于现在的40%)——这也是当时蒙古族人口仍占优势的一个地区。但此后将察哈尔、绥远等地划给内蒙古,其面积遂大幅度扩张,首府也由乌兰浩特迁张家口,再迁呼和浩特。表面上看,这是中央对蒙古族的高度重视,将蒙古族历史上分布的广大区域全划给它,但通过这一划分,也使蒙族在该自治区人口中的比例由32%急剧下降到仅仅15%左右。与此类似的四川凉山州,1978年将西昌地区大半划入凉山,首府由昭觉迁至西昌——但彝族人口比例也下降到50%以下。

    就此而论,一些人认为新疆、内蒙地域广阔,应分为几个省级区的办法,我认为短期内是不会被采纳的。尤其是新疆,如果分为北疆、南疆两省区,则势必面临一个维族人口占多数的南疆,有一个西藏已经够麻烦的了。这个道理正如巴勒斯坦有人(现在卡扎菲也这么想)提议把阿拉伯人完全并入以色列,遭到拒绝,因为要是这样,以色列就不再是一个犹太国家了。

    三、矛盾:错误还是善意?

    我这里提出的一些个人解释,有的或许是诛心之论。虽然中国的民族区域行政规划看来有大量难以解释的矛盾之处,但毕竟这一问题在汉族地区也大量存在,陕西、四川、安徽、江苏等省行政区划的不合理,前人早已指出,并呼吁再三(参谭其骧相关文章);更何况,这些矛盾的地方,也并非中国所独有。

    美国记者Hedrick Smith在《俄国人》中,提到远东的“犹太自治州”,这个1934年指定成立的自治州,到1970年左右,人口中只有18%是犹太人,“多数犹太人认为这是一出生拼硬凑的滑稽戏”。到1998年,犹太人口更下降至仅4.2%(考虑一下,2004年新疆巴音郭楞州蒙古族也只有4%),去年该州已经在改革倡议把“自治”两字从州名中删除掉。

    在现在俄罗斯的各自治单位中,情况也类似,如萨哈共和国,主体民族雅库特人占34%;楚瓦什人在本共和国占69%。但俄罗斯的自治共和国却有很大自治权,如国旗国徽国歌、以及俄语外的第二官方语言。

    前南斯拉夫则是另一个悲剧。1991年官方统计,该国阿尔巴尼亚族族人有172.8万,为全国第二大民族,而黑山族仅52万,只占5%。但黑山人可以作为一个共和国与塞尔维亚平起平坐,人口三倍半于黑山的阿族却只是塞尔维亚一个自治省。阿族不但人口多,而且居住非常集中。阿族占科索沃省总人口的90%,而黑山人只占黑山共和国人口的62%,塞尔维亚人也只占本共和国的65%。塞尔维亚的另一个自治省:伏依伏丁纳,主体的匈牙利族仅占人口21%。事实上,阿尔巴尼亚族对这一“不公平的行政划分”,是科索沃战争的主要起因之一。

    我不想在此骤下断论:这些区划的矛盾都是对少数民族的防范和损害,实际上,稍具常识地对比国外的情况,就知道在这一问题上一碗水端平,是极不可能的事,因此各国无一例外都以历史因素为重要的划分依据。这在某种程度上是说得过去的,例如新疆的巴音郭楞州,虽然现在蒙族人口仅占4%,相当于维族的1/8,但历史上这里长期是蒙族所有,和静还有蒙族王府。不去碰触这个问题,维持现状是一个可取的办法。如海湾石油国家由于引进大批外来劳力,一些地方阿拉伯人早已是人口中的少数,但其主体民族地位是不得改变的。

    新中国的民族自治,并非全是装门面,也有一些是真的为少数民族着想,虽然有时这种善意也令人啼笑皆非。例如民国时的风云人物宁夏马氏家族、白崇禧,都是回民,坚定的穆斯林,但他们还有一个共同点:反对“回族”这一说法。在他们看来,回民只是汉族中信仰伊斯兰教的一支,其差别相当于客家人和北方人的差别。且回民大量散居城镇(如河南不少县城都叫“城关回族镇”就可见一斑),早已同化。但回族仍被识别为一个单独民族。这一情况可与南斯拉夫类比:波黑穆斯林实际上也是塞尔维亚人信仰伊斯兰教的一支,但铁托身为一个克罗地亚人,为防范大塞尔维亚主义,将之单独划分为一个民族。

    满清覆灭后,大量满族都隐瞒了自己的民族身份;这一点在文革期间尤为显著。因此,1990年人口普查时满族人口数比1982年增长竟达129%(全国平均13%)。更惊人的是1956年才被识别为单一民族的土家族,1990年的人口数是1964年普查时的1027%(仅仅一代人的时间,人口增长10倍)!这些都无法用人口自然增长来解释,而只能认为是“落实政策”后由于特殊优惠,而使大批隐瞒身份或本已同化的人又转而改变民族。极端的例子如贵州沿河土家族自治县,1982年普查时,全县40万人,只有243人报称是少数民族,而且全是外地调入的干部。但“落实政策”予以扶持后,短短两年内,就有18.5万人改变民族成分。

    1955年被授予大将军衔的粟裕,曾被毛泽东有次戏问:“你是湘西人(按,粟是湖南会同人),是不是苗族?”但粟本人至死一直都自认是汉族。他死后两年,根据相关民族识别研究,他被认定是侗族——这一点后来通过中央批准。试想想:一个人从来不认为自己是侗族,死后被追认是侗族,但还须领导批准!

    新中国的民族识别工作,和苏联的很相似,而与西方颇不相同。按西方民族学,如果甲族与乙族不自认为是同一民族,那尊重其习俗,就算两个民族。但在中国,一族是不是这么认为并非最重要,还要经过“民族识别”,如摩梭人自认不属纳西族,但仍被划为纳西族;彝族有五六个不同部落,互相都不认为是同族,但仍全被算作彝族(这些部落在越南等地,就被算作不同民族)。台湾的高山族,现在台湾习惯上认为他们是9个不同民族,但我们仍识别为同一族。就此而言,我们似乎也不能说这是对少数民族“分而治之”,若真要分化,断可以把中国的民族数量至少增加到100个。

    当然,这类工作中最令人费解的是所谓“无法识别民族”,例如云南的芒人和苦聪人,他们不算在56个民族之列,但他们既然自认与他族有别,民族学者也无法否认,那么为什么不另列一个呢?何谓“无法识别”?这真是非常令人哭笑不得的术语。

    四、何谓自治?

    鲍大可在1988年访问汉族占压倒优势的内蒙古自治区后,曾在《中国西部四十年》中说:“用‘自治’这个词来修饰内蒙古这样的地区纯属用词不当。……我又问自治的实际含义是什么,他们说,最显著的特征是能在许多方面向蒙古族提供优惠待遇。”我们的官员对“自治”的理解确实通常仅限于此,多数人可能根本没有考虑过这个问题。

    对民族自治地区提供这种经济优惠的思维,几乎是一种本能,所谓“老、少、边、穷”,都被并列为需要特别照顾和扶持的对象。但这一制度的结果是:扶植了一大批“民族干部”,他们成为既得利益者,因而也就成为坚定的维持现状者。

    2003年,有人动议重新设立海南的黎族苗族自治州,其主要理由也是经济性的,即“加快民族地方建设和社会发展”,并指出其他中西部省份的民族自治地方都有受到中央的扶持。

    在我看来,这一动议是毫无意义的。在回顾历史的时候,我们不能忘记,新中国始终是一个单一制国家,虽然1965年以前,西藏曾有过短暂的一段的“一国两制”岁月,但最终迅速地以完全彻底的平复告终。在我看来,中国的民族自治制度,标志着历史上“改土归流”的最终完成

    以海南黎族苗族自治州为例。该州1955年成立,但3年后的1958年,即因为大跃进而迁至海口与海南行政公署共同办公,自治州名存实亡。1984年颁布《中华人民共和国民族区域自治法》,但又是在仅仅3年后,1987年,海南建省,撤消自治区。

    值得注意的是:这些行政区划上的变更波动,没有引起任何的抗议或骚乱,这正好证明是否有自治的名号,对群众生活全无实质性影响。而我们如果记得,应该知道科索沃战争的直接导火线就是南斯拉夫总统米洛舍维奇试图进一步限制和剥夺当地阿尔巴尼亚族的自治权。但在中国,撤消自治州,我相信不会引起任何的大规模抗议活动,相反可能还会庆贺:例如云南丽江县、海南东方县升为市,都取消了“民族自治”的名义(中国可没有“自治市”),但却是各族一派欢腾的景象。正如鲍大可说的,用自治来修饰这些地方,纯属用词不当。

    不仅如此,在我看来,自治州事实上将成为越来越尴尬的一级政府。在苏联和南斯拉夫崩溃之后,全世界所有国家大多实行的都是三级制政府:即中央、省、县(因此如印度、意大利、芬兰、加拿大、俄罗斯等,民族自治单位不少是省级的,直属中央)。但中国却多两级:地/州,以及下面的乡。以后的方向将是裁撤乡村干部,同时虚化、弱化地一级政府。全国所有省区包括新疆等在内,新设立的县级市大多都属省/区直辖。这种情况只要推广开来,将来地级就成为一个不必要的一级。海南正是最激进的一个试验地:现在整个海南都已实现这一目标(即所有县/市都由省直辖),全岛的电话都属一个区号。很难设想海南会再退回去多设一个自治州出来——既然它本来也仅仅是个名义而已。

    从国家利益的角度讲,融合远比分离的自治要可取。这也是为什么美国的立国者禁止设立封闭的社团,而要求每一个县设立的标准必须是英语人口占多数,并提倡散居。而俄罗斯和南斯拉夫,最终都分崩离析。从这一点来说,民族自治地方是一个不得已、却至少是有用的政治手法。

    附带说一下,民族人口几乎已经成为中国统计学上的一个秘密。2000年的人口普查,一直没有发布各民族人口数字,历年《中国统计年鉴》上也不予公布;而《2000年民族统计年鉴》上关于民族人口部分可利用的数据也很少。还有一组我很感兴趣、却从未看到过的数据:即各族人口中操本族语、以汉语为母语、以及熟练使用汉语的人口比例。类似的数据在前苏联的研究中都是公开的。

    在各省区公开的统计年鉴中,只有新疆和云南有分县市民族人口统计,其余各省都不作公布,例如青海、四川、贵州,在年鉴上均无法查到自治州/县内民族人口结构。因此下表中除了新疆和云南外,其余数据均属Google等途径四处拼凑来,幸好这些数字历年变化也不大,尚可作参考。


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